Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Global conflict Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Global conflict - Term Paper Example he focus of conflict in Indian society (as well as being a point of contention between India and Pakistan and the impetus point of separatist movements), but rather will look at recent events and conflicts in the area using these theoretical concepts to shed light on the nature of conflict resolution in this area. To negotiate a resolution to this conflict as a UN representative, I am planning to focus, using utilitarianism and moral naturalism, on the overweening issue of genocide prevention. Traditionally, the US and UN have been rather less involved than Britain in brokering a solution in this area, and the UN has mostly stated its position in terms of doling out praise and making assurances. I also feel that India and Pakistan can agree and come to terms that Kashmir is a sensitive issue. It appears that the Indian and Pakistani conflict over Kashmir, and Pakistan’s support of rebel fighters there, is at the very heart of the matter, rather than a factor to be sidelined as a non-issue in the peace-brokering process. One may feel as a UN representative that putting Kashmir up for discussion is asking too much; in any case, this assumption is not as clear as it could be. In terms of applying key concepts to this situation, one can see the Indian state as being the dominant group and the Kashmiri people as being the subordinate group. By suppression of separatist movements in the area, the Indian state is engaging in dominant acts of power designed to reinforce the status of the Kashmiri people as subordinate, and by fighting against this subordination. Many of the issues of minority-group consciousness and racism that can be associated with the situation are actually the result of not racism per se, but religious prejudice, since Kashmiri has such a dominant Muslim population. This causes problems in acculturation which can be seen from a perspective of moral naturalism, in that those that are perceived as the Kashmiri people do not want to assimilate
Monday, October 28, 2019
Transformational leadership on World health care Essay Example for Free
Transformational leadership on World health care Essay Introduction            Transformational leadership can be defined and utilized based on specific or relative circumstances in many varied ways. For one, it can be assessed as the task of simply increasing the efficiency of everyone through a scheme of excellence for the whole company or the improvement of the morale of an individual employee. The main assumption behind this approach is that when employees of a certain company or organization are working their tasks efficiently, the amount and quality of work done are proportionally affected. In essence, employees that are more efficient translate into far greater options and larger benefits. The correlation is thus an important aspect in the leadership skills of the heads of various companies and organizations.            For the most part, transformational leadership can be used as a tool not only in analyzing the crucial aspects of world health care but also in directly addressing the cases that shape the totality of the events related to the broad scope of global health care. The complexities involved in the cross-continental management and maintenance of the multitude of interrelated functions.            The task of meeting the multiple health care services across the different parts of the world that direly need immediate action calls forth an approach whereby the functioning of the wide number of health care service providers are efficiently met. Transformational leadership, following its basic principle, offers means in which the tasks required in addressing world health care are met. Noting further that transformational leadership aptly disperses the capabilities of the employees and, consequently, the different departments or institutions that comprise the whole of the company, the application of this approach on the various issues that are involved in the global arena of health care may eventually help alleviate the global challenge attached to world health care. A look into transformational leadership            Transformational leadership, in essence, signifies the role of the â€Å"leader†in directing the rest of his or her subordinates in a fitting manner that will bring about favorable results to the functioning of every employee, department, and of the whole company in the process. However, the apparent effect of the role of the leader on the subordinates in the company can be further observed and analyzed from a closer examination on what makes a leader able to affect his subordinates apart from the boss-subordinate relationship (Antonakis House, 2001).            One aspect that separates transformational leadership a cut above the rest is that it defines the extent to which a leader is seen as charismatic to his subordinates. The core principle behind this is that leaders should treat their subordinates or employees as individuals who are also capable of thinking for themselves, or individuals who are intellectually stimulating (Tichy Devanna, 2001).            By treating the lower â€Å"ranks†or departments of the company as entities capable of actually affecting the intellectual direction of the company, the employees will not merely serve as passive elements in the upbringing of the company but as active elements capable of pouring into that intellectual basin their knowledge on the affairs of the company.            The result will be that the efforts of the leader in guiding the direction of the company will be amplified since the employees are treated in a manner in which they are involved in the critical processes. Moreover, a good leader will bring about a heightened sense of life into the company. The role of transformational leadership in world health care            World health care has been a primary concern among the international community for the past few years. Many factors are attributed to the growing concern over the issues that are directly related to the problems that beset world health care.            Among the various countries that are in deep need of health care, those that belong to the third-world countries are most notable. Inasmuch as these countries lack the internal capacity to finance and support a growing demand for health care, these nations also have a relatively low means in achieving at least good health for a small fraction of the population. A very limited number of infrastructures and programs that are aimed at addressing the health care issues of these nations amplify the drastic situation even more.            This is the point wherein the international community has resorted to measures that will seek to address the current health issues that beset the citizens of countries suffering from low-health maintenance. For the most part, the international community has joined efforts in seeking out the best possible means in resolving these global health issues. The consequent effect to this is the creation of various international institutions that operate on the local levels of various countries.            Since the operations of these global institutions are tilted on a multitude of local areas, it is apparent that a number of workers are seen to be handling these local operations. In this light, the role of a transitional leadership is needed to take its shape.            By having a transitional leadership in the management of all the affairs taken by the various institutions, the possibility of having a full line of efficient institutions can take place. That is, by treating all the employees who will handle the tasks relative to the specific institutions in these international health offices as individuals capable of contributing to the think-tank process, the process will be further stimulated. These individuals, as partakers in the critical thinking process, are further empowered and acquire a higher role in the global effort of resolving world health care issues.            On the local level, these working individuals can be further guided according to the tasks by relegating a leader whose charisma gives positive effects to the working attitude and philosophy of the employees. Thus, the implementation of health policies from these various international institutions becomes an easy and efficient task in the case where employees have little or no defiance to the implementation of the tasks. Conclusion Far more importantly, transitional leadership allows the development of the employees in terms of their personal growth and in their working attitude. It contributes the international efforts in resolving the issues that beset world health care inasmuch as the international community operates on the local level or in the localities with poor health conditions, especially in communities belonging to the third-world countries. References Antonakis, J., House, R. J. (2001). Transformational Leadership. In B. J. Avolio F. Yammarino (Eds.), Transformational and Charismatic Leadership (pp. 3-66): JAI Press. Bhargava, S. (2003). Transformational Leadership: Value Based Management for Indian Organizations: Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd. Ginter, P. M., Duncan, W. J., Sappington, A. A., Swayne, L. E. (2005). Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations (5 ed.): Blackwell Publishing Incorporated. Porter, M. E., Teisberg, E. O. (2006). Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition on Results (1 ed.): Harvard Business School Press. Tichy, N. M., Devanna, M. A. (2001). The Themes, The Protagonists, The Transformational Drama. In Transformational Leader (2 ed., pp. 8): Wiley.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Compare Only the wall by Matthew Sweeney and Mirror by Sylvia Plath. :: English Literature
Compare Only the wall by Matthew Sweeney and Mirror by Sylvia Plath. Poem Comparison. I am going to compare two poems "Only the wall" by Matthew Sweeney and "Mirror" by Sylvia Plath. Both poems are similar as they both use personification. The poem "Only the wall" has the wall, which is personified as the wall is seeing what is happening, but cannot tell anyone. The poem "Mirror" has the mirror, which is personified, as the poem shows what the mirror sees. The poem mirror is about a mirror and a woman who is obsessed with the mirror. The mirror says it does not lie it just tells the truth. "I am not cruel only truthful" This tells you the mirror does not lie it shows the truth even though it might hurt and that it cannot judge how someone looks. In the second stanza the mirror begins to feel sorry for the woman. "I see her back and reflect it faithfully. She rewards me with tears and an agnation of the hands." This tells you how the mirror sees the woman's ugly face everyday and how the mirror sees the woman upset with the way she looks. The mirror is also upset, as it does not mean to upset her, but it can only show the truth. The mood of the poem is sad. "In me she has drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman rises towards her day after day, like a terrible fish." This tells how sad she is especially when she goes to the mirror and sees how her beauty has died away. The way the poem has been structured is the first stanza is about the mirror and the second stanza is about the woman. The poet's idea is trying to make us think about how people care so much about how they look. "I am important to her. She comes and goes. Each morning her face replaces the darkness." This tells us that the woman is maybe upset with the way she looks and how the mirror is really important because she wishes that she could be young and pretty again. Overall I think this poem was sad as it made me feel sorry for the woman. Also at first I found it hard to understand. The second poem has a different subject to the first poem. The first poem is about a woman looking in the mirror and the second poem is about a wall watching three bullies bullying a boy. For example: "The first day only the wall saw the bully trip the new boy" This line tells us that on the new boys fist day only the wall saw
Thursday, October 24, 2019
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How? to? Study? for? Economics 1. Be? best? friend? with? your? textbook. The? lecture? notes? are? complements,? not? substitutes,? of? your? textbook.? a. If? you? have? a? question,? chances? are? it? has? been? answered? in? your? textbook. Some? people? never? realize? that? because? they? never? read? their? textbook? (not? at? all? or? not? carefully? enough).? b. Read? the? relevant? sections? immediately? after? the? class,? when? your? memory? is? the? freshest.? c. Before? the? next? class? begins,? spend? 15? to? 30? minutes? to? quickly? read? through? the? materials? overed? in? the? previous? class,? so? that? you? are? not? completely? lost? in? this? week’s? materials? and? you? know? the? context? of? today’s? lecture,? especially? when? the? class? materials? are? cumulative.? 2. Don’t? read? your? textbook? and? lecture? notes? superficially. Think? about? what? you? read. Question? what? you? read.? a. Check? whether? you? understand? the? lo gic? of? the? arguments.? b. Check? whether? you? can? re? construct? the? logic? of? the? arguments? without? looking? at? your? notes? or? textbook.? c. Check? whether? you? know? what? the? graphs? nd? mathematical? equations? mean? intuitively.? i. Do? you? know? what? the? slope? means ii. Do? you? know? what? will? shift? the? curve iii. Do? you? know? what? the? mathematical? equations? mean? in? simple? English iv. Can? you? see? that? both? the? math? and? the? graphs? are? saying? the? same? thing? in? simple? English 3. Understand? that? math? is? really? a? language. So? you? should? be? able? to? say? what? the? mathematical? equations? say? in? simple? English. Similarly,? graphs? are? also? a? language. So? you? should? be? able? to? say? what? the? graphs? ay? in? simple? English? as? well.? 4. When? you? study,? don’t? memorize? what? you? read,? understand? the? logic? and? the? arguments.? 5. When? you? answer? questions,? don’t? regurgitate? everyth ing? you? remember,? analyze? the? problem? using? the? logic? and? arguments? that? you? understood. 6. Don’t? think? you? can? â€Å"smoke†? through? the? final? exam? with? â€Å"on? the? one? hand,? this†¦? On? the? other? hand,? that†¦. †? kind? answers. It? may? or? may? not? have? worked? in? A? level. But? it? quite? certainly? won’t? at? the? University. a. Advanced? economics? classes? ypically? try? to? teach? you? some? specific? frameworks? (in? the? form? of? intuitive? concepts,? curves? in? graphs,? or? mathematical? equations). The? exam? questions? then? test? your? ability? to? apply? these? frameworks? to? solve? a? problem. That? is? why? it? is? impossible? to? â€Å"smoke†? your? way? out? of? the? exam. That? is? also? why? you? need? to? understand? the? logic,? reconstruct? that? logic? based? on? understanding,? and? analyze? the? problems? rather? than? memorize? what? you? read? and? regurgitate? them? in? exa m.? b. Some? exam? questions? are? of? he? type? that? if? you? haven’t? studied,? you? just? cannot? answer. But? this? is? good. This? is? the? value? added? of? the? course. Think? about? it. If? you? can? answer? the? questions? without? studying,? you? have? basically? wasted? your? tuition? money. Why? come? to? the? university What? have? you? learnt 7. Ask? yourself? how? you? will? use? the? concepts? and? economic? framework? you? have? learnt? to? understand? or? analyze? what? you? read? in? the? Economist? or? Wall? Street? Journal? or? any? relevant? economic? news? in? general.? 8. In? the? ideal? ituation,? try? to? solve? the? tutorial? questions? before? your? class. If? you? just? go? to? the? class? and? listen? to? the? TA’s? solutions,? chances? are? everything? appears? intuitive? and? straightforward. But? if? you? have? tried? beforehand,? you? will? realize? that? it? is? an? illusion. When? you? have? to? do? it? in? the? exam,? suddenly? it? seems? very? uncertain? how? you? should? proceed,? as? there? seems? to? be? many? possibilities? and? you? are? not? sure? which? is? the? right? one? to? pursue.? a. But? who? are? we? kidding I? consider? myself? a? ery? conscientious? student. Not? even? I? have? the? time? to? solve? every? tutorial? questions? beforehand.? b. So? in? reality,? instead? of? trying? to? spend? a? few? hours? to? solve? the? questions? beforehand,? spend? half? an? hour? before? your? tutorials? to? read? through? the? question? carefully. Outline? how? you? may? go? about? solving? it,? for? example,? think? about? what? framework? or? diagram? will? be? needed? to? solve? the? questions,? and? how? the? answers? may? look? like. i. If? you? have? no? clue,? try? to? think? about? the? reasons? why? you?
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Interracial Marriages Essay
In any marriage relationship, it is usual or rather natural to have some adjustments in its early stage. This is so because there is a high degree of expectations in both parties; and so, because these expectations are mostly â€Å"unrealistic,†to modify or adjust them are somewhat difficult to both sides. It is a fact that when two individuals come into a marriage union, they bring with them two different perspectives in almost all respects, and this is no different with interracial marriages. However, there are more at stake when racial backgrounds or ethnicity is the core issue, as studies reveal. Marriage and the fruit of the union – the family – is the basic unit of society and regarded as one of the most principal institutions of the social order. When marriages fail and families disintegrate, there is without a doubt a â€Å"ripple†effect on the community’s functioning in terms of that community’s solidity, and law and order. Although many facets of the relationship operate as components to the enjoyment and development of the marriage bond, the common and usual fundamental rationale for the union is intimacy. It is this vital ingredient that draws couples from different persuasions, race, or creed together despite the potential drawbacks and heartaches that will soon shake the very foundations of that union. This paper dwells on these potentialities in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of interracial marriages. The author believes that despite the difficulties and at times the impossibilities that complications beset interracial marriages, for as long as both parties or the individuals involved have explored beforehand the complexities, and settled for the facts and realities, their relationship is off to a better start. This paper then offers to describe and explain the polarities that entail in a marriage coming from two different ethnic or racial backgrounds. Definition & demographics In US history, many things that speak of the American way of life are deeply affected and influenced on the issue of race and especially on cross-cultural marriages. Since its â€Å"pioneer†days, being attached with another not your own color, creed, or race is neither new, nor surprising. A study of endogamy’s other extreme, i. e. mixed marriage – then and now – is still quite of interest to many (Rosenfeld, 2007). To tackle the subject matter that this paper endeavors to explore, the author starts by defining the main concepts used throughout the study. Definition Marriage is defined as a â€Å"socially recognized and approved union between individuals†with the idea that both will commit themselves to a lifetime of togetherness in the hope that there will be stability and happiness that the couple will enjoy in their intimate relationship (Microsoft Encarta, 2005). Such relationship has legal, cultural, economic, moral, and psychological dimensions that may impinge on its eventual longevity and permanence. Miscegenation or â€Å"intermarriage between races†, according to Encarta, is defined as â€Å"marriage or cohabitation between people of different races†(2005). Demographics According to a study by Kara Joyner, assistant professor of policy analysis and management at Cornell and co-author of a study on interracial relationships in a recent issue of the American Sociological Review (Vol. 70:4), â€Å"Hispanics had the highest rate of interracial relationships: 45 percent of 18- to 19-year-olds and 33 percent of 24- to 25-year-olds were in interracial relationships in the early 2000s, compared with blacks (20 and 14 percent, respectively) and whites (16 and 12 percent, respectively†(Lang, 2005). Although Asians are comparatively the same with Hispanics in the aspects of interracial union in Joyner’s study, the ethnic group was not included due to lack of research yields when it comes to as when they likely get into their liaisons and when these end. However, in some studies, the case of Asians engaging in interracial marriage, demographics painted a different picture. Whereas in the case of Hispanics, Blacks, and Whites who intermarry, the surveys say that as they age, the tendency of these relationships’ potential to last dwindles, the Asians’ marriages tend to increase and last longer (Lang, 2005). The US Bureau of the Census points out that intermarriage is still â€Å"relatively uncommon†basing on a 2002 survey because only 2. 9 percent of all marriages come from interracial unions (Lang in Joyner study, 2005). Review of Literature – Family Values Every home has its set of beliefs or tradition that they hold in high esteem. This is referred to as family values. Anything that the family believes is important comprises a family values system. This paper attempts to explain what family values are and how people uphold their beliefs and what makes them hold on to those beliefs in a highly individualistic country such as ours. Among the values an individual possesses, the most important I believe is that a person must regard most his/her values about family as the most significant. Many people don’t usually pause and contemplate what their values are. They may not know whether these values they already have are still practical or useful in a modern day world. Moreover, they do not think how their values fit in with their kind of milieu that they evolve in. (â€Å"Values: what are they? †2007). There are families that take time out though to impart to their children what had been passed on to them when they too were yet very young. The values may not be as strong as when were yet children because the person may have adapted to his world and adjusted his values that others may be accommodated. Through the years, a family value system may be a combination of what had been passed on to an individual and the values system of one’s friends or colleagues at work. Why are family values important? The primary reason is that what we hold as important affects how we use time, money and energy or how we interact with people. If a family believes the importance of education then parents try to save for the schooling of their children which includes books among others. Family values influence how we spend our resources and make decisions. Parents then need to communicate what their own family values are, why these are important and the specifics of what are most essential that the children must also adopt or follow. Children also need to respect others who have dissimilar value system as compared to their own. Most likely values will evolve but when parents lead the children and model these beliefs, their children will be able to learn and pass these on to the next generation (â€Å"Values: what are they? †2007). – Social Clock The belief that there are descriptive and prescriptive age norms concerning adults during their developmental shift involves the concept of the social clock. The social clock hinges on its description of society’s expectations where time to get married and have children at the same time attaining more of life’s burdens. For example, the traditional or what has been considered as the perception of women who have not yet entered into matrimony as individuals who are negatively appraised during their middle adulthood stage in contrast to the young adults. Social clock has something to do with an expectation that a person must somehow behave or conduct him/herself according to established developmental milestones or else, risk the consequences that may happen because the individual has allowed it to slip through (Altenbernd, 2004).
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Psychological Contracts The WritePass Journal
Psychological Contracts Introduction Psychological Contracts IntroductionComparison of Classic Modern Psychological ContractsReferenceRelated Introduction Psychological contracts can be defined as the informal and unwritten agreement between organisations and employees (Conway et al, 2005). An improvement in the general level of education and literacy rates has resulted in a shift from informal to formal contracts (Cullinane Dundon, 2006). The term psychological contract can be used to describe a combination of mutual beliefs and informal obligations that exist between an employee and an employer. It is quite different to written contracts that are more formal and acceptable in the court of law for the fact that they are printed on paper and can be reviewed by third parties. A growth in the volume of commercial activities made it difficult for early organisations to come up with tailor made contracts for each individual employee (Coyle†Shapiro Shore, 2007). This led to the proliferation of trade unions which sought to protect the interests of employees. Meanwhile the concept of psychological contract owes its origin to the huma n resource management (HRM) field and it has become an important concept in the practice of human resource management. This is because although employees sign contracts today, both the employer and employees have expectations outside the formal contracts which govern their relationships. For instance, when an employee loses a close one, many employers will make an effort to attend the funeral or even offer a cheque to support the individual to meet the funeral costs especially for deceased immediate family members. This gesture is not included in the formal contracts. Although there has been a major shift from psychological to formal contracts, psychological contracts continue to exist in HRM today. Psychological contracts change over time considering the fact that the needs and expectations of employees and their organisations also change over time (Conway et al, 2005). When an employee starts working after graduating from the university, his or her expectations are different. When the employee has worked for more than two years, their expectations become different and needs change. More elderly employees are concerned about retirement planning after their career. The younger employees who are still single would pay less attention to retirement issues and focus on themselves. Many young married women prefer jobs that will make it possible for them to take care of their kids. This is because they consider their career and family needs before accepting a job offer. In this respect, the psychological contract continues to evolve from one generation of employees to another, as each generation has a different priority (Wellin, 2007). In a like manner, organisational expectations fro m employees differ over time. When an organisation begins, it has different expectations from its employees. For the most part, many young organisations are eager about growth. They expect the employees to put in their very best to ensure that the organisation grows. However, as time goes by, the organisations needs begin to change. After having achieved growth, the organisation becomes concerned about consolidating its market position. During these changing times, the organisation’s expectations also evolve. Although psychological contracts are not legally binding, and are not included on paper, they continue to exist today and help to moderate the relationship between employers and employees (Truss et al, 2006). Psychological contracts are deeply rooted in organisational culture and beliefs (Cullinane Dundon, 2006). Once an organisation develops its culture, employees quickly identify the informal expectations of the organisation. On the other hand, employee associations s uch as trade unions and other labour movements also pass on information on employee expectations. Sometimes, this is manifested through strike actions and other activities that allow employers to understand the expectations of their employees. Changes in psychological contracts have continued to take place over the years. According to Rousseau (1995) three distinct eras can be identified in the evolution of psychological contracts. These three stages include the emerging phase, bureaucratic phase and the adhocracy phase (Rousseau, 1995). The emerging phase took place in the 18th Century in the beginning of the industrial revolution. It was characterised by a centralised workplace with powerful managers who exercised high levels of control over employees. Royal Doulton and Twinnings are two UK organisations that have survived the era till this present day. The bureaucratic phase began in the 1930s in top companies such as Ford. During this period, companies took care of loyal servants and were returned with lifetime employment (Rousseau, 1995). The psychological contract included loyalty and life time employment. The adhocracy phase, which emerged in the 1990s was led by successful IT businesses such as Apple and the other famous dotcom ventures. The era witnessed the proliferation of global organisations that emphasised the importance of the use of knowledge. These companies operate many different psychological contracts for various groups of employees. Comparison of Classic Modern Psychological Contracts Classic Psychological Contract Modern Psychological Contract The organisation was perceived as ‘father’ to employee that was perceived as ‘child’ Organisation and employees are both considered as ‘adults’ The organisation was the one that defined employees worth and value Employees have the capacity to define both their worth and their value The employers retained loyal workers whom it considered as good New employees flow in and out of the organisation with new innovative ideas Employees who obeyed all instructions were hired for life It is unlikely for the Y generation to work for one organisation for life Employees grew mainly through promotion and upon recommendation from managers Employees can grow through personal development Source: Niehoff, 2011 Considering the fact that the nature of psychological contracts is constantly changing, it is important for both employees and organisation to look for new ways of meeting the expectations of each other (Bunderson, 2000). The Y generation has its own set of expectations when it comes to psychological contracts. The new generation is more educated and spend much time online. For this reason, organisation must also take into account their needs and expectations in order to meet up with the psychological contract. One of the best ways through which companies can do this is by creating an online presence and promoting online interactions to promote the sharing of experiences amongst employees (Conway Briner, 2005). Younger employees prefer to read information online rather than read books that can take much of their time. As such, organisations need to take into account the needs of their employees irrespective of their generation so as to ensure that both sides fulfil their side of the psychological contract (Feldheim, 1999). Ciscos new report dubbed Connected World Technology Report has demonstrated that the younger generation (18-29 age bracket) are more attached to their technology than previously thought (Niehoff, 2011). Many employers are sceptical about recruiting the younger generation because they are more attached to technology than every other thing (Niehoff, 2011). The study confirmed the often vague and baseless claims that associated the Y generation to mobile and cyber technology obsession. According to the study, one in three university students surveyed said Facebook and other technology they invested in were just as valuable as air, water and shelter. Over 26% of respondents said being able to work remotely from home should be a right, and not privilege. Up to 74% of the university students surveyed said they should be able to access their corporate network in the future from their home computers in the future (Niehoff, 2011). This demonstrates the level of attachment the younger generati on places on technology and the virtual world. That notwithstanding, organisations should give the younger generation the opportunity to participate in building their businesses. The fact that they are young and energetic means that they have much to contribute to the growth of these organisations. Besides, online presence is necessary for promoting and marketing businesses these days. It is therefore left to employers to know when and how to hire young people in order to benefit from their capacity to contribute to their growth. In the 2010 survey, three out of five employees believed that the office was not necessary since employees can connect virtually and get work done from home (Niehoff, 2011). In conclusion, psychological contracts have been around for more than a number of centuries. And they are not expected to stop any time soon because organisations and employees will continue to develop non-verbal expectations from each other. Irrespective of the generation of employees that work in a company, management must continue to cater for the expectations of all its employees. This can take any form, such as promoting personal development of employees who have offered their services to the organisation over the years. When organisations hire employees, they outline the tasks which they expect these employees to perform. That notwithstanding, they expect the employees to do much more than what is written on paper. For instance, Apple does not expect its employees to go online and make comments that market Samsung smart phones. This is because they are competitors. Apple expects its employees to promote its services even in their social gatherings and amongst family members. Ho wever, this is not included in the formal employment contract. Reference Bunderson, S. (2000) How work ideologies shape the psychological contracts of professional employees: doctors responses to perceived breach, Journal of Organisational behaviour, Volume: 22, Page: 714-741 Conway, N. and Briner, R. (2005) Understanding psychological contracts at work: a critical evaluation of theory and research. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Conway, Neil Briner, Rob B. (2005) Understanding Psychological Contracts at Work: A Critical Evaluation of Theory and Research. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, (2005) Coyle†Shapiro, J. and Shore, L.M. (2007) The employee†organization relationship: where do we go from here? Human Resource Management Review. Vol 17, No 2, June. pp166†179. Cullinane, N. and Dundon, T. (2006) The psychological contract: a critical review. International Journal of Management Reviews. Vol 8, No 2,  pp113†129. Feldheim, M. (1999) Downsizing. Paper presented at the Southeastern Conference of Public Administration, St. Petersburg, FL, October 6–9 Lester, Scott W., Kickul, Jill (2001), Psychological contracts in the 21st century: What employees value most and how well organizations are responding to these expectations, HR. Human Resource Planning, Volume: 24, Issue: 1, Page: 10-21 Lester, Scott W., Turnley, William H., Bloodgood, James M., Bolino, Mark C. (2002), Not seeing eye to eye: differences in supervisor and subordinate perceptions of and attributions for psychological contract breach, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, Volume: 23, Page: 39-56 Niehoff, Brian P., Paul, Robert J. (2011), The just workplace: Developing and maintaining effective psychological contracts, Review of Business, Volume: 22, Issue: 1/2, Page: 5-8 Rousseau, D. M. (1995) Psychological Contracts in Organizations: Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Truss, C., Soane, E. and Edwards, C. (2006) Working life: employee attitudes and engagement 2006. Research report. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Wellin, M. (2007) Managing the psychological contract: using the personal deal to increase business performance. Aldershot: Gower.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Unit 5 Exercise 1 Essay
Unit 5 Exercise 1 Essay Unit 5 Exercise 1 Essay Unit 5 Exercise 1: Guided Reading Chapter 10 1) The typical organization of an argument essay is an argument is to explore two or more sides of a controversial topic and then to argue fairly and reasonably for one side over the others. 2) The points of contention is something argued or stated. They can be identified by looking at the title, look for contention indicators, and location. 3) It’s important to know the stance of your opposition because by knowing your opposition, you can identify the weakness in your stance and how to remedy them 4) The difference between an argument and research writing is in an argument you pick a topic that Is controversial and debatable, whereas in a research paper, you do your research and only report what you find, while not trying to sway in either direction. Chapter 24 1. A good way to start a research process is to define a research question and sharpen it/ Develop a working thesis or hypothesis that offers your best guess about how you will answer the research question/ Devise a research plan to systematically collect the information needed to answer your research question and determine whether you’re working thesis is verifiable. 2. It’s important to have a sharp research question because sharper research questions will help you narrow the scope of your research. 3. A working thesis is your working thesis is your best guess about how you will answer your research question. It’s used in research by your working thesis will change, eventually becoming the main claim for your project. 4. The key elements of a research plan are Research question/ Working thesis/ Results of start- up research/ Description of electronic, online, print, and empirical sources available/ Schedule for conducting and completing the research/ Bibliography. It’s necessary because your plan should describe the kinds of sources you will need to collect to answer your research question. 5. Writers should surf the Internet/ Look through Online Encyclopedias/ Browse Your Library’s Catalog. 6. Writers know their
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Why Do You Sweat - Evaporative Cooling - The Heat Index
Why Do You Sweat - Evaporative Cooling - The Heat Index Most people know sweating is a process your body uses to cool down. Your body is always trying to maintain an even body temperature. Sweating reduces body heat through a process known as evaporative cooling. Just like getting out of a pool in the summertime, a small wind will be enough movement across your wet skin to create cooling. Try This Simple Experiment Wet the back of your hand.Blow gently across your hand. You should already feel a cooling sensation.Now, blot your hand dry and use the opposite hand to feel the actual temperature of your skin. It will actually be cooler to the touch! During the summer, humidity in certain areas of the world is very high. Some people even refer to the weather as muggy weather. High relative humidity means the air is holding a lot of water. But there is a limit to the amount of water air can hold. Think of it this way...If you have a glass of water and a pitcher, no matter how much water is in the pitcher, you simply cannot make a glass hold more water. Just to be fair, the idea of air holding water can be seen as a common misconception unless you look at the full story on how water vapor and air interact. There is a wonderful explanation of the common misconception with relative humidity from Georgia State University. Relative Humidity is a "Glass Half Full" Going back to the idea of evaporative cooling, if there is nowhere for the water to evaporate to, then it stays on your skin surface. In other words, when the relative humidity is very high, there is only a little room in that glass for more water. If the Heat Index is High in Your Area... When you sweat, the only way you cool down is through evaporation of water from your skin. But if the air is holding too much water already, the sweat stays on your skin and you get little to no relief from the heat. A high Heat Index value shows a small chance of evaporative cooling from the skin. You even feel like it is hotter outside because you cant rid your skin of the excess water. In many areas of the world, that sticky, humid feeling is nothing more than... Your Body Says: Wow, my sweating mechanism is not cooling my body very well because the high temperatures and high relative humidity combine to create less than ideal conditions for the evaporative cooling effects of water from surfaces. You and I say: Wow, it is hot and sticky today. I better get in the shade! Either way you look at it, the Heat Index is designed to keep you safe in the summertime. Keep on alert for all signs of summer heat illnesses and know the danger zones!
Saturday, October 19, 2019
A Survey Of Student Attitudes To Alien Life Essay
A Survey Of Student Attitudes To Alien Life - Essay Example According to a research conducted by the an organization called The Third Millennium, almost forty six percent of students believe that aliens or UFOs actually exist as compared to only twenty eight percent of them who believe the provision of social security will exist by the time they retire. This study simply goes on to show how strongly students believe on the existence of a thing they haven’t ever even seen in their life! Goes on to show what an impact media has created on the minds of young people through its depictions about aliens in shows and magazines. A survey from college going students about aliens and other like creatures resulted in somewhat a very expected outcome. When asked if they believe in the true existence of aliens or extra-terrestrials, forty nine percent of students replied in the affirmative, twelve percent of them said they did not whereas the remaining thirty nine percent â€Å"weren’t sure†. However one thing that to which almost all of them agreed to was the fact that aliens are unable to abduct human beings. Interestingly enough, many students believe that aliens can survive without any form of food and water. They believe they gain energy from sun rays and the light given out by the stars and meteors. This factor pretty much seems to make sense as a recent American movie, a massive international hit on the box office, â€Å"ET – Extra Terrestrial†showed a human friendly alien on earth. Apparently, he was left behind on earth as he failed to reach on his UFO on time. The movie showed how ET gained his energy from the rays of the sun and used his magical powers to help people who spotted and took care of him on earth. That movie created a very sharp image of aliens by showing them as friendly creatures who love being with nice people and are against evil of all kinds. When the students were asked if they think the US government had a hidden hand behind the UFO matters, the bulk of the students, almost fifty three percent said they believed the government did possess knowledge relating to UFOs and their sightings and that such information was kept away from the public. Twelve percent of them disagreed to any such idea while the rest, as usual, came under the â€Å"no idea†category. The survey also came up with some very interesting answers. Some students held aliens responsible for the Stonehenge while other believed that they are responsible for crop circles. Another discovery which was much unexpected was that thirty eight percent of the students surveyed believed that aliens were involved in the construction / designing of the pyramids! There were differing views when students were asked since when have aliens existed. Almost thirty three percent of the lot was of the view that they have existed ever since there has been life on earth. Seventeen percent said they didn’t agree to the former’s view, thirty percent were of different views including the fact that aliens exited even before there was any sign of life on earth whereas the final forty percent of the sample believe that aliens developed with the â€Å"science age†and are relatively new on earth compared to various other forms of life. A great split was noticed in student’s views when they were asked if aliens have been monitoring or are in any case aware of human activities. Twenty one percent replied in the affirmative and were
Friday, October 18, 2019
How Does Social Context Contribute to the Definition of Value in Music Essay
How Does Social Context Contribute to the Definition of Value in Music - Essay Example This essay approves that music is coherently considered to be the gift of a lifetime. Ever since its evolution, music has remained an integral part of society, culture and now even education. As a result of its affective power, music is seen to improve the learning environment. Social context provides a platform in the recognition of value in music. Music is it found in expressing religion as well as celebrations encompassing weddings, funerals, festivals, etc. No human community has ever been discovered without music. This enables us to think that music is not only a derivative of human activity but also a predominant part of human community. This report makes a conclusion that from the dawn of human civilization music has persistently remained embedded in the everyday life of individuals around the globe. The fact that no society or culture is ever been untouched by music enables us to acknowledge that music is the very core of our lives. Each society or culture is characterized by its distinct form of music. The hip-hop music or the pop music for example exhibits its unique kind of culture like dress, language, etc. Music is responsible in adding elegance to a particular culture. With its intrinsic values it coherently touches our souls and acts as an active contributor in the social context. It encourages creativity, provides the opportunity to perform in public and acts as an excellent means of communication as well.
Sigmund Freud and Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Sigmund Freud and Sexuality - Essay Example Seduction theory In one of Sigmund Freud lectures he talked about ‘ The Aetiology of Hysteria’, in this theory, Sigmund Freud used information that he had collected from 18 individuals where he concluded that sexual abuses in childhood days caused people to have Hysteria (Freud, Whiteside & Freud 2007 p87). This theory did not last for a long time and he withdrew it and formed another one, which attributed hysteria and other neuroses and illnesses to sexual fantasies. His knowledge about women in those times was very limited however, he contributed a lot as men of those times thought women do not to harbour any sexual desires leave alone acknowledging that sexual fantasies caused hysteria in women. When Freud was writing these theories, the society’s attitude toward women was that classified them as a weaker sex and they were only important as parents and relatives, their main function was procreation (Bloom & Hobby 2009 p56), Some critics of Sigmund Freud theorie s were his fellow psychoanalysts who did not support his theory of penis envy as a primary female reaction rather as a secondary reaction. Freud, refused to agree with them and insisted on penis envy as a primary female reaction, other psychoanalysts like Jacques Lacan, took up Freud’s theory and developed it in what he called the penisneid in the unconscious of women. Juliet Mitchell supported Freud’s idea of penis envy, in which man is not the basis, but on the phallus, this opened the field of phallogocentrism to debate (Tong, 2009 p15). Feminists have also criticized Freud’s view where they have argued that penis envy and the whole idea of psychoanalysis uses...In one of Sigmund Freud lectures he talked about ‘ The Aetiology of Hysteria’, in this theory, Sigmund Freud used information that he had collected from 18 individuals where he concluded that sexual abuses in childhood days caused people to have Hysteria (Freud, Whiteside & Freud 2007 p87 ). This theory did not last for a long time and he withdrew it and formed another one, which attributed hysteria and other neuroses and illnesses to sexual fantasies. His knowledge about women in those times was very limited however, he contributed a lot as men of those times thought women do not to harbour any sexual desires leave alone acknowledging that sexual fantasies caused hysteria in women. When Freud was writing these theories, the society’s attitude toward women was that classified them as a weaker sex and they were only important as parents and relatives, their main function was procreation (Bloom & Hobby 2009 p56), Some critics of Sigmund Freud theories were his fellow psychoanalysts who did not support his theory of penis envy as a primary female reaction rather as a secondary reaction. Freud, refused to agree with them and insisted on penis envy as a primary female reaction, other psychoanalysts like Jacques Lacan, took up Freud’s theory and developed it in what he called the penisneid in the unconscious of women. Juliet Mitchell supported Freud’s idea of penis envy, in which man is not the basis, but on the phallus, this opened the field of phallogocentrism to debate (Tong, 2009 p15). Feminists have also criticized Freud’s view where they have argued that penis envy and the whole idea of psychoanalysis uses assumptions are anti feminist, patriarchal and misogynistic that tend to display women as less and deformed men (Freud, 2007 p32).
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Pax Romana. Read up on it in your textbook and then write a three-four Research Paper
Pax Romana. Read up on it in your textbook and then write a three-four page on those emperors who you think were good ( an - Research Paper Example They made possible the prosperous trades by which Roman civilization acquired rich imports of Chinese, Persian rugs, Arabian perfumes, Phoenician purple dyes, Indonesian spices, as well as Greek porcelains and Indian fabrics. As such, during the reign of Roman Emperor Trajan (A.D. 53 – A.D. 117), a Spanish military commander, there had been rigorous efforts to construct useful buildings for Romans. Among his great achievements besides facilitating extensive projects on building public structures, Trajan is additionally recognized for his policies on social welfare and conquests in the east. Because of him, Rome would stand in pride even in modern times due to Trajan’s Forum, Trajan’s Market, and Trajan’s Column which were all erected upon implementation of his successful program. Similarly, the rule of Roman Emperor Hadrian (76 A.D. - 138 A.D.) brought wealth and security for the empire the time he eradicated the territorial expansion of Rome and fortif ied Roman boundaries upon construction of several â€Å"Walls of Hadrian†. ... Apparently, Trajan and Hadrian did make salutary emperors of Rome based on the aforementioned accomplishments from which I can perceive how they took care of the entire citizenry by focusing on provisions and works that improved the empire and strengthened healthy socio-political relations among people who looked up to leaders whose ideals were far from corrupt and selfish inclinations. Together with the other three good emperors namely – Nerva, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, they had been able to establish a kind of government that consisted of officials who advanced people’s interests and worked for the empire with large sense of integrity and heart. To this extent, I must highly commend Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161 – A.D. 180) for all the good vibes felt by the empire out of his exceeding humble goodness. His wonderful character trait basically demonstrated the capacity to share imperial powers like the treatment he gave to Lucius Aurelius Veru s and his predecessor Antonius Pius whose wishes were granted after his regime. Marcus Aurelius is such a remarkable emperor for bearing not just the knowledge of good leadership but even of refined intellect since he was widely known and acclaimed for being a writer and philosopher of the Stoic school of thought. As a philosopher-king of his time, he authored exemplary works such as the â€Å"Meditations†along with the writings which manifested wisdom of truth and beauty of reason. At this point, I could quite imagine how the needs of each citizen were sincerely taken care of by the rule of such an emperor who, by his nature, respected and employed moral virtues of philosophy
Diversity Trip Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Diversity Trip - Research Paper Example For instance, Cumberland is associated with vast views across Beadon Cove, Cohansey Cove and Dyer Cove bays among others. In the case of String town, the Bakers Bay offers fascinating views. On the other hand, the Venetian Bay offers the Park side estate a fascinating outlook characterized by serene environment. In essence, the three estates are surrounded by vast natural scenes that make them not only attractive but also fascinating. Younger children will have fun in integrating the theory perspective learnt in class about these scenarios with the practical aspect (Black, 39). A child’s world view on these estates differs depending on the distinguishable features. For instance, the numerous bays in South Cumberland creates fascinating scene for the children. The appearance and the pattern of the houses integrated in a well structured street lighting system is an interesting view of the children. This motivates the children learn more about these features and consequently they get the educational motivation and personal satisfaction. Similarly, the String town estate creates a more welcoming feeling for the children who live in the urban suburbs. It offers a sense of better living standards (Black, 57). The children find this estate more friendly because of few people, few passenger buses and numerous bays and beaches. The numerous swimming pools across the estate adds comfort and a sense of belonging to the children. In the case of the Park estates, the children feel isolated and lonely due to the lifestyle of the locals and the sparsely located ap artments. However, this estate offers a pleasant hunting and playing environment for the children. The green and safe forests offer the children a fascinating playing ground for games such as hide and seek. In essence, the three estates offer the children spectacular scenes and comfort irrespective of their background in terms of personal dynamics. It is imperative to note that the children
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Pax Romana. Read up on it in your textbook and then write a three-four Research Paper
Pax Romana. Read up on it in your textbook and then write a three-four page on those emperors who you think were good ( an - Research Paper Example They made possible the prosperous trades by which Roman civilization acquired rich imports of Chinese, Persian rugs, Arabian perfumes, Phoenician purple dyes, Indonesian spices, as well as Greek porcelains and Indian fabrics. As such, during the reign of Roman Emperor Trajan (A.D. 53 – A.D. 117), a Spanish military commander, there had been rigorous efforts to construct useful buildings for Romans. Among his great achievements besides facilitating extensive projects on building public structures, Trajan is additionally recognized for his policies on social welfare and conquests in the east. Because of him, Rome would stand in pride even in modern times due to Trajan’s Forum, Trajan’s Market, and Trajan’s Column which were all erected upon implementation of his successful program. Similarly, the rule of Roman Emperor Hadrian (76 A.D. - 138 A.D.) brought wealth and security for the empire the time he eradicated the territorial expansion of Rome and fortif ied Roman boundaries upon construction of several â€Å"Walls of Hadrian†. ... Apparently, Trajan and Hadrian did make salutary emperors of Rome based on the aforementioned accomplishments from which I can perceive how they took care of the entire citizenry by focusing on provisions and works that improved the empire and strengthened healthy socio-political relations among people who looked up to leaders whose ideals were far from corrupt and selfish inclinations. Together with the other three good emperors namely – Nerva, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, they had been able to establish a kind of government that consisted of officials who advanced people’s interests and worked for the empire with large sense of integrity and heart. To this extent, I must highly commend Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161 – A.D. 180) for all the good vibes felt by the empire out of his exceeding humble goodness. His wonderful character trait basically demonstrated the capacity to share imperial powers like the treatment he gave to Lucius Aurelius Veru s and his predecessor Antonius Pius whose wishes were granted after his regime. Marcus Aurelius is such a remarkable emperor for bearing not just the knowledge of good leadership but even of refined intellect since he was widely known and acclaimed for being a writer and philosopher of the Stoic school of thought. As a philosopher-king of his time, he authored exemplary works such as the â€Å"Meditations†along with the writings which manifested wisdom of truth and beauty of reason. At this point, I could quite imagine how the needs of each citizen were sincerely taken care of by the rule of such an emperor who, by his nature, respected and employed moral virtues of philosophy
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
International Terrorism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
International Terrorism - Coursework Example Iran, Syria and Libya are together considered to be the main backbone of Middle East terror (Charles, 1986a). And the Islamic fundamentalists, pro-Syrian nationalists and Palestinian extremists carry out the lead roles (Charles, 1986a). The objective of these groups is not peace with Israel but peace with no Israel (Charles, 1986a). Terrorism would outlive peace not only due to the Arab-Israeli dispute but for two other reasons of instability, war and murder (Charles, 1986b). The idea of anti-Western, anti-modern and anti-secularist movement in the Islamic world, specially Iran exhibits a serious threat (Charles, 1986b). The only way left for achieving some lasting peace in the Middle East is a steady, unwavering application of all forms of pressure against terrorists and their more easily found sponsors (Charles, 1986c). It calls for the use of every available means to hunt down today’s machine gunners and deter tomorrow’s (Charles, 1986c). Hezbollah, also known as Hizbullah or Hizballah is a religious organization whose only mission is to terrorize and assassinate non-Muslims, chiefly Americans and Jews (Hizballah, 2007). OPEC provides the financial backing to this millions of militants association founded and supervised by Shiite Islamic clerics in Iran (Hizballah, 2007). Islamic Jihad is a Hizballah alias whereas Hamas is a Hizballah ally (Hizballah, 2007). While Hezbollah’s objective like the Palestinian Islamic Jihad is the complete liberation of Mandate Palestine while Hamas are ready to accept a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza with Jerusalem as its capital (Hizballah, 2007). From a theological aspect, the literature and the statements of Hamas and Islamic Jihad do not talk about jihad as a religious concept to the same extent as that created by Hezbollah (Hizballah, 2007). While the marjiiyya (frame of reference) of Hamas follows the global Muslim Brotherhood, the Islamic Jihad is deeply influ enced by the marjiiyya of Iran, the
Monday, October 14, 2019
“Theory to Practice†Questions Essay Example for Free
â€Å"Theory to Practice†Questions Essay Read the â€Å"Theory to Practice†section at the end of Ch. 6 of the text. Answer Questions 1 through 6 based on the scenario in the â€Å"Theory to Practice†section, and complete the following in your response: †¢At the end of the scenario, BTT states that it is not interested in distributing Chou’s new strategy game, Strat. Assuming BTT and Chou have a contract, and BTT has breached the contract by not distributing the game, discuss what remedies might or might not apply. At what point, if ever, did the parties have a contract? I do not believe that the parties ever had a contract. The scenario stated that the parties reached an oral agreement 3 days before the 90-day deadline that was stipulated in the negation contract. The exclusive negotiation agreement stipulated that no distribution contract existed unless it was in writing. Although a BTT manager sent Chou an e-mail that repeated the key terms of the distribution agreement, I do not believe this counts as a contract as being in writing because there are no signatures and Chou did not agree to it after he saw the e-mail even though he agreed to it orally. No contract was ever officially drafted in writing and agreed upon by both parties (signatures). What facts may weight in favor of or against Chou in terms of the parties’ objective intent to contract? The fact that BTT paid Chou $25,000 for exclusive negotiation rights would leave Chou to believe that BTT was serious about following through with a distribution contract. This fact would weigh in Choi’s favor. Unfortunately, even though the parties had an oral agreement, no written agreement was ever drafted within the timeframe stipulated on the negotiation agreement. The parties did have seem to have an objective intent to contract, but unfortunately, when new management came in, they were not interested in distributing Strat, and since there was no written contract, I believe they were within their rights to turn Chou away. Does the fact that the parties were communicating by e-mail have any impact on your on your analysis in Questions 1 and 2 (above)? No, the fact that the parties were communicating by e-mail did not have any impact on my analysis. E-mail is just that, e-mail. It is not a written contract; it is just another form of communication. These e-mails just sound like written communications that need to be put in the written contract and signed by all parties. Just because BTT sent, an e-mail outlining their verbal agreement with Chou does not make it a valid contract until it is in writing and signed by the parties involved. What role does the statute of frauds play in this contract? Under the UCC, the statue of frauds applies to any contract for the sale of goods for $500.00 or more. Obviously, the negotiations between BTT and Chou are for more than $500.00, so the statute of frauds would apply here. For common law contracts, in general, the statute of frauds applies to contracts that cannot be performed in less than one year. Therefore, the statute would apply to this contract. The one element that is uniformly required is a signature of the party against whom enforcement of the contract is sought. There were no signatures to finalize the contract between BTT and Chou. Some courts have ruled that e-mails constitute signed writings within the meaning of statute of frauds since the name at the end of the e-mail signifies intent to authenticate its content. In this scenario, it is somewhat hard to come to this conclusion because it did not say if Chao responded to the e-mail containing the outline of the contract, which would have passed for his signature accordin g to some courts. Could BTT avoid this contract under the doctrine of mistake? Explain. Would either party have any other defenses that would allow the contract to be avoided? BTT could not avoid this contract under the doctrine on mistake. A mistake is defined in contract law as a belief that is not in accord with the facts. I do not believe that the doctrine of mistake would have any bearing in this scenario. BTT’s best defense would be that Chou never signed any agreement in writing or via e-mail. They could say that Chou never agreed to this contract because there was no signature as according to the statute of frauds. Chou could argue that he did not believe there was an agreement since several months had passed since he heard from BTT. Assuming, argue do, that this e-mail does not constitute an agreement, what consideration supports this agreement? I think the fact that BTT gave Chou $25,000 for exclusive negotiating rights shows that BTT had the intent of signing a contract with Chou. The two parties also reached an initial oral agreement although oral agreements are hard to prove in court. BTT also sent Chou a fax asking him to send a draft for a distribution agreement contract. At the end of the scenario, BTT states that it is not interested in distributing Chou’s new strategy game, Strat. Assuming BTT and Chou have a contract, and BTT has breached the contract by not distributing the game, discuss what remedies might, or might not apply. If BTT and Chou had a contract and BTT had breached the contract by not distributing the game, certain remedies might apply; specifically equitable remedies. Specific performance could be used to order BTT to render the promised performance by ordering them to take a specific action. Chou would also be able to seek compensatory damages. This would include out-of-pocket damages and potential profits that would have been earned if performance had occurred.
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Strategies for Entrepreneurship and Change Management
Strategies for Entrepreneurship and Change Management Raama Gabionza Entrepreneurship takes an important role in innovation. It is an agent of change. It involves creating new products, services, technologies, and businesses. It is about economic development and generating wealth for investors. It is also about developing business to address social problems and environmental issues. In the world of health, entrepreneurship also play a vital role. It corresponds with the revolution and changes in the state of health of the population and of the society. Like for an example, our world today suffers from distinct inevitable crisis like epidemiologic incidences and other uncommon situations affecting health of the economy. It is a threat to the population that could shake the health of every individual thus will lead to high rates in morbidity and mortality. Early detection and treatment of these illnesses or diseases are vital ways to decrease its incidences as well as morbidity and mortality rates. Invention and creation of medical treatment and therapi es as well as immunizations could lessen the possibility of acquiring the ailment. These interventions are brought by entrepreneurship which is an agent of change to both private and public health sectors. It provides interventions that are more developed, new, updated and better. It also provides more effective and efficient procedures, surgeries, and any other ways of treating specific threats to health. Entrepreneurship is essential in any situation as it could help in promoting and improving the well-being of the person and of the society as the whole. However, entrepreneurship may not always be successful as what anyone may think of it. There are major criticisms against entrepreneurship within the public and private health and social care sector. One example of this is the fear of change. People are afraid to change as it may be less effective and could lead to failure. They are afraid to loss their expertise and can’t adopt to the change. Like in surgeries, when new type of procedure is introduced, medical practitioners are afraid to change their usual practice into new procedure as it may cause danger and hazard both to the patient and the practitioners themselves. Another criticism against entrepreneurship is the quest for profits. People might think that the only reason why new services are being introduced because entrepreneurs always think about gaining profit. There could be uncertainty of services. People might doubt whether the service is really essential and necessary or not. They might feel that their ignorance are being taken for granted by the entrepreneurs presenting and introducing the new product or services. In addition, consumers may need to be aware that not all entrepreneurs are profit oriented. Entrepreneurs can be classified as either business entrepreneur or social entrepreneur. To clearly understand the difference between the two types of entrepreneurs, Abu-Saifan (2012), identified their unique characteristics. To start with, business entrepreneurs or the so called the profit oriented are characterized as the value creator. They provide value of the commodity or product and services being introduced. While social entrepreneurs or the non-profit, are social value creator. They provide what is beneficial to the society not for the benefit of their pockets. As for being a leader, they are opinion leaders. They consider the opinion of the society before they introduce the new product or services. They are also like the managers. They first look for the problems before they fix. Like for an example in the case of diabetes, they first assess the situation. They look for the cause of pr oblem and focus on repairing them before moving on to the treatment itself. They assess what could be the cause of the problem, may it be the diet of the person or their genetics or other factors. They see the problems first before they put things right. Unlike the business entrepreneur, they will just fix what is needed to be fixed. They often miss to foresee what is really the reason and cause of the problem. This is why they are characterized as the organizer. They just organize things. They are also strategic thinkers that they choose what strategy is best for them not considering the opinion of the population or of the society. They only aim for the best of their profit and interest. They focus on their goals and on what they wanted to reach. They are high achievers. They are the exact opposite of social entrepreneurs. Social entrepreneurs focus on their mission for the change beneficial to the society not for their pocket or to gain profit and interest which business entrepren eurs do. Moreover, in entrepreneurship, there are three strategies presented by Chin Benne, (1969) as general strategies effecting changes in human systems. These strategies could be helpful for the management in choosing who to employ to their organization considering changes as inevitable. This could also be helpful to the organization on how to manage and how to present or introduce changes to its people. The first strategy is the empirical or rational. In this strategy, people can be persuaded to change based on communication of information and by giving and offering them incentives. They have their reasons to comply to change being presented. Successful change is in accordance to logic and reasons that could be beneficial to organization and to the people. The change in this strategy centers on the balance of incentives and risk management. The second strategy is the normative or re-educative. This type of people are those that adhere to cultural norms and values. They normally go with the flow, conforming to what is being practiced, advertised or introduced by the management or by the organization. Redefining the present culture, norms, and values, and making commitments to new ones may initiate people to change. The strategy to encourage these people to change is to consider their culture, beliefs and their ways. People who are normative or re-educative are mostly willing to adapt to change as long as they see that their cultural values are respected and are in favor to the new system or product and services. Third is the power or coercive. In this strategy, the leader or the boss of an organization coerce people to change or to do new things. People are submissive and will do what they are told to do. This type of management is often used when there is a crisis in an organization or institution where change is a must. It could also be used when change should be done as soon as possible or as it is needed. People will usually adhere to change and will just follo w what the leader ought them to do. Furthermore, any type of management strategy may be used by the organization in handling changes. All of those strategies can be helpful in making changes successful but it may also be harmful when it is not properly addressed to the people’s need. Like for an example in the use of power or coercive strategy, it is good to be used in an emergency situations or crisis because according to Chin Benne (1969) it is assumed that people will do what they are told. Like in my own experience working as a health practitioner, there was an instance when our area was affected by typhoon. Some of us who are staying nearby the building of the institution were told by the management to do double shifts at work in order to make up the shifts of other employers who are affected by the typhoon and cannot make it to work. It was an order by the management that we, as an employers are ought to do. Considering the situation and the crisis happening, we have no other choice but to do the double s hifts. It might be shocking to us but we have to do it because it is an emergency and it was the only way that could ease the situation. Another strategy by Chin Benne (1969) is the normative or re-educative wherein people adopt to change when they see that the change conforms to their norms, values and culture. For example, in my home country, most of the people are Roman Catholic. When family planning was introduced in a catholic institution, like the use of contraceptives, not all members of team agree with the change. Roman Catholic are against with contraception. It is important for this people to consider their beliefs specially their religion and culture. In order for the change to be successful, leaders of the institution introducing contraception in the practice of health, addresses the opinions of the members of the team and people. It was agreed to make the change possible by pursuing the use of contraceptives by health education to the people but not forcing every indiv idual to do so or to comply. At least in that way, little by little, the change was made. In change management, there are four segments classified that could be present in an organization or in any group of people. These segments are the campaigners, initiators, opponents, and neutrals. These are important factors that could have direct or indirect effect in the system of change. In order to address properly these expected impact to the system of change, it would be helpful to identify the differences and similarities of these factors and at the same time, it would also help the manager or the leader on how to effectively deal with the different points of view and perspectives of every member of the team. Like for an example the introduction of the use of computer system in the health care facilities instead of the use of older method, paper documentations. People who advertise and advocate the computer system are called the campaigners. They see the new system as beneficial and that they will gain something positive from it. They are enthusiastic about change and they wi ll help to drive the change through. These people facilitate and give support to the trainings and education in order to promote change or the new system. Initiators, are those who would take the first step to change. They can be the creator or the designer. They are the prime movers and the ones who will take action to make the use of computer system possible. They are those who will make the change attainable. In order to initiate change, they educate the team about the computer system being introduced. They also facilitate, support and encourage participation and involvement of the team members to the trainings and teachings in relation to the system of change. On the other hand, some team members might disagree or oppose to the proposed system of change or the use of computer system. They are called as the opponents. They are the antagonists or the activists. They are those who are not convinced for the need of change and don’t see any justification for change. Education, negotiation and sometimes coercion are the effective way to communicate to these group of people. The fourth segment identified in change management is the neutral. Neutrals are the unbiased ones. They belong to neither side of the proposed change. They just go with the flow to change or not to change. It would be helpful communicate to these group of people by setting them what is really the vision of change, why it would be beneficial to change or not to change. They should also be involved to trainings and support groups in order for them to have a clear understanding of the change being introduced and for them to have an individualized decision as a member of the team. References: Abu-Saifan, S. (2012). Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries. Technology Innovation Management Review, February 2013:22-27 Barton, J. (1991). Defining Entrepreneurship. Retrieved on 20 February 2015 from file:///C:/Users/raama.gabionza/Downloads/artikkeli_2.pdf Di-Masi, P. (n.d). Defining Entrepreneurship. Retrieved on 22 February 2015 from http://www.gdrc.org/icm/micro/define-micro.html Nickols, F. (2010). Four Change Management Strategies. Retrieved on 26 February 2015 from http://www.nickols.us/four_strategies.pdf Rouse, M. (n.d). Change Management. Retrieved on 25 February 2015 from http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/change-management Rubin, D. (2013). What is Entrepreneurship? Retrieved on 22 February 2015 from http://pinchot.edu/what-is-entrepreneurship/
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Common Sense and Conflict Essay -- Walt Disney Company Michael Eisner
Common Sense and Conflict Michael Eisner is an American entertainment executive, whose leadership in the 1980s and 1990s revitalized the Walt Disney Company. Born in New York City, Eisner was educated at Denison University, where he studied literature and theater. After graduating in 1964, he worked for six weeks as a clerk at NBC and then briefly in the programming department at CBS. His career crystallized at ABC, which he joined as a programming assistant in 1966 and where he spent the next ten years, ultimately becoming senior vice president of prime-time production and development. Eisner's rise through the corporate ranks was paralleled by ABC's leap from third place to first place in the network viewing ratings. In 1976 he was named president and CEO of Paramount Pictures. During his eight-year tenure the motion-picture studio moved from last place to first place among the six major studios. In 1984 Eisner left Paramount to become chairman and chief executive of Walt Disney Productions (renamed the W alt Disney Company in 1986). Eisner admired Walt Disney and was especially interested in children's programming and family entertainment. The company's success included several feature-length animated films in the Disney tradition. Michael Eisner was an optimistic person and he was well known for being a genius in creativity. He has made Disney a company that is built on a strong combination of institutionalized creativeness that constantly produces potent ideas, and also having common sense. One question that we must ask ourselves is how does Michael Eisner have such good leadership. Well as he describes in his interview, he says that being a leader requires 4 main parts: being an example, being there, being a nudge and finally being an idea generator. There are many things that I agree upon in Michael Eisner’s way of having leadership in a company. One thing that I strongly agree on is that he has situated his company in being an â€Å"idea generator†, which to me is so powerful in a company. When setting your company to be an â€Å"idea generator†, you must have a loose environment so people are not afraid to speak their thoughts and ideas. He strongly encourages this type of behavior within his company. From seeing this way of leadership also shows me that the culture at Walt Disney is fun oriented, exciting and loose. Having this type o... ...hat is spread out across the top and not just the very top. Eisner says that he focuses on the 40 people that he interacts with everyday. That is good because it shows to those people that you truly care about them and they feel wanted. The other leaders in the organization focus on other groups of people. Disney’s management teams are always moving around the entire world but they stay focused on what is most important to them. Eisner says that he wishes that he could be there for every signal person in his organization whenever someone needed help. But unfortunately, that can’t happen but that just goes to show you how committed Michael Eisner is and also why he is so powerful as a leader. To me, being a nudge in an organization can be an ok thing, but at the same time it is very disturbing to employees. Eisner feels that being a nudge constantly reminds people of their ideas and what they need to do. That is true but the way he inputs it into the organization can be very frustrating to others. Eisner says that he does not keep many notes, which he should because that way you know at all times what needs to be done today and also what may need to be done in a week.
Friday, October 11, 2019
Account for the success of pop music in Britain
Pop music is music charted by the number of sales, plays, etc that the song receives. It is not a particular genre or style of music, but simply the most popular for the tracked period of time, and usually targets a wide audience. To begin with I am going to discuss the history behind pop music from mid 1950's to the 1970's. In the mid-1950s, Britain was still feeling the pain of the war, with food and money shortages, and difficulty still part of daily life. Britain as a country was also in financial trouble, the economy was in bad shape. This was a grey time, and young British people/ British ‘kids' had no dreams, and they could only copy the images which they saw on television or in the media from the life of kids in America. These young Americans would be driving their own cars, and wearing the latest fashionable clothes. The British youth would watch and hear the latest ‘Rock ‘N Roll' music sounds from the States with artists such as Elvis Presley. During the 1950's British children had no a separate youth culture from their parents. The transition between child and adult was nothing huge or spectacular. The way that young people dressed was almost the same as their parents. They were not a separate group with their own values and customs. British youth culture was small, and was totally dominated by American trends and styles. The British music industry in the 1950's relied heavily on American music which led to British copies, of American-style music. The music industry was controlled from London but was out of touch with the needs and wants of the youth of Britain. However, even in this atmosphere, a uniquely ‘British' musical trend emerged in late 1956-57; this was called ‘Skiffle', (a kind of simple folk music played by a small group (friends), mainly with rhythmic accompaniment, usually a washboard to a singing guitarist). This simple style was easy for teenagers to play, just one guitar, and someone who could vaguely keep a rhythm on a washboard. Skiffle was made famous by Glasgow-born Lonnie Donegan. Lonnie was hugely popular and, an inspiration to the musical youth of Britain. There are many famous musicians and groups e.g. Eric Clapton (is an English blues-rock guitarist, singer, songwriter and co mposer. He is one of the most successful musicians of the 20th centuryy) who all say that Lonnie Donegan was a big influence on them. Music was different between the South of London compared to the North. In the cities outside of London, especially Liverpool, but also Birmingham, Manchester, and Newcastle had a musical revolution. In Liverpool, a ‘music culture' very different and separate from London was happening. In the North, the kids loved Rhythm ‘N' Blues, and Rock ‘N Roll, not the easy listening music that they had in the south. By the early 1960's northern cities had a large and highly competitive band scene emerging in which hundreds of ‘local' bands tried to find and perform the latest imported songs from America. Indeed it is often said that American Blues music, the music of black people, was originally from America but was found not popular but when it came over to Britain it succeeded to be popular and that's when Americans accepted it and then began to like it. In Liverpool, the music they played was a mix of the American music with a touch of the ‘Mersey' and ‘Liverpool' individualism. The concept of a ‘Mersey beat' was born. By the 1960's there were so many great groups in this Mersey scene such as ‘The Beatles' and everyone young in Britain decided they were number one. The Beatles went to America, and once The Beatles had ‘cracked' the American market, their success just kept flowing. Suddenly Britain, (mainly London), was ‘swinging', in the ‘swinging 60's'. Britain became the centre of the music and fashion world. There was a genuine energy, creativity and optimism which was totally the opposite of the mood of a few years before. The economy that influenced the music industry; in the early 1960's, the economy of Britain took off. Britain became a rich country; everybody had jobs and money, including the young people. In particular the youth of Britain had started to get more money, and acquire spending power and became independent. This meant that they bought more clothes and records. Young people became big business, and record companies and fashion companies wanted young people to buy their products and so advertising the message of youth. Britain succeeded largely when the US president John F. Kennedy was assassinated and it left America in a state of shock, without a sense of direction and vulnerable. The Americans looked to England for musical and artistic inspiration, and so Britain became dominant within the music industry. The impact of US films and music inspired a series of spectacular and distinctly British youth subcultures from the mid-50's to the late-70's. Many groups decided to drop out of British society. They decided to make their own small societies in Britain. Some wanted to change the whole country as well. In 1953 became the creation of ‘Teddy Boys/Girls' this was the first youth group in Britain. They dressed with a Rockabilly' style and with ‘quiffs', influenced by Elvis Presley, accessories such as flick-knives, crepe sole shoes, and they were typically from working-class London. They were not so revolutionary but rather violent. Therefore in Britain in the 1950's there was no real pop or rock music however in 1960's pop and rock music in Britain was the biggest, or second biggest revolution in the world. The culture of the 1960's was the hippies. The hippy values were a reaction to ‘money' and ‘normality'. These values were peace and love. The music of their interest was ‘The Beatles', ‘The Who', and ‘Jimmy Hendrix'. In 1963 became the ‘Mods' a Jamaican-rude boy/Italian-cool style, and US soul. The music that interested them were; ‘The small faces', ‘The who' and ‘Scooters'. This group were typically from a working-class background in London. The type of fashion they led was Fashion-Green army parkas, and Italian suits. In 1976-1979 became ‘The Punks', their interest was of artists such as ‘Sex pistols', ‘The clash' and ‘Bondage'. Their led a fashion of leather jackets and trousers with a ripped effect held back with safety pins. The 1980's was the return influences of pop which was having a greater impact in this decade than ever before. Hits in the US charts came from the UK, from artists such as â€Å"George Michael -Careless Whisper†, â€Å"Wham-Wake Me Up Before You Go Go†(both 1984), â€Å"George Harrison-Got My Mind Set on You†and â€Å"Rick Astley-Never Gonna Give You Up†(both 1988). The rock genre delivered a good number of pop hits this decade, with bands otherwise protective of their roots delivering briefly into commercialism. An example is a British-American rock band â€Å"Foreigner- I Want to Know What Love Is†(1985). One of the big trends in UK pop music this decade was the success of the boy band and girl band's, with early successes being Manchester's Take That and Ireland's Boyzone. The Spice Girls had their first hits in 1996 and dominated the next few years with many hit singles, and by the end of the decade there were many others, from boy bands Westlife and Five to girl bands B*Witched and All Saints. Many popular songs came from female artists. A few of the most significant are ‘Sinead O'Connor- Nothing compares to you' (1990), and the ‘Spice Girls- Wannabe' (1996). Following-up on the positive results of the eighties, songs from movie soundtracks continued to be popular. Defining hits of the genre include ‘Bryan Adams- Everything I do (I do it for you)' for Robin Hood: Prince Of Thieves (1991). Pop became truly international in the nineties, with hits coming from diverse and distant locations but from Britain was; ‘Chesney Hawkes- The one and only' (1991), and ‘Babylon Zoo- Spaceman' (1996). Plus one of the best selling singles of all time, ‘Elton John- Candle in the Wind' (1997); Other British success was of the Spice Girls who have since become Pop icons, with Global hits such as â€Å"Wannabe†and â€Å"2 Become 1†. In the first decade of the twenty-first century Female singers have had a big successful influence on the pop music, with rhythmic ballads, hip hop pieces and dance tracks, some include; ‘Dannii Minogue- I begin to wonder', and ‘Sophie Ellis Bextor- Murder on the dance floor' both in 2001. A female band called ‘Girls Aloud' created by ITV1 talent show Popstars: The Rivals in 2002. Have become one of the most successful British pop groups of the decade, with a record-breaking 18 consecutive Top 10 singles (including three number ones) and five platinum albums (including a number one). They are Smash Hits poll winners, have won a TMF Award and have been nominated for two BRIT Awards. Girls Aloud hold the record for the shortest time between formation and reaching number one in the UK Charts (with their platinum-selling dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½but single â€Å"Sound of the Underground†), and have since become one of the few reality television groups to achieve continued success. For a contemporary pop group manufactured on reality television they have received unprecedented praise from broadsheet newspapers and the rock music press, with publications including the Observer Music Monthly and the NME giving their music rave reviews. The Observer has referred to â€Å"Bio logy†as the single of the decade. Traditional rock and modern rock made forays into pop with consecrated artists and newcomers both introducing songs to the pop music, ‘Franz Ferdinand-Take me out' was a good example. Franz Ferdinand is an indie rock band that formed in Glasgow, Scotland in 2001. The band first experienced chart success when their second single â€Å"Take Me Out†which I mentioned above reached #3 in the UK Charts, followed by their debut album Franz Ferdinand which debuted on the UK album chart at #3. Entirely digital productions integrated new technology and sounds, and as electronic (electro) dance music entered the mainstream, pop artists started using producers and re-mixers which contributed their styles to the genre an example were the ‘Gorillaz-Feel good inc'. Britain hit the pop charts with artists such as ‘Robbie Williams-feel good' (2003), ‘James Blunt- You're beautiful' (2005), and ‘James Morrison- You give me something' (2006). I conclude that Britain have been very successful within pop music, but with a very competitive competition against America. I personally felt that for each decade Britain increased their success within pop and it was down to many aspects but mainly to the talented artists in Britain and the individuality within the music itself.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Marketing assignment Essay
1.1 Ryanair are pioneers of low cost airlines in Europe operating more than 1600 daily flights from 57 bases across 1600 low far routes connecting 180 destinations in 29 countries. They recently announced that they have ordered 175 new Boeing craft. 1.2 In order for Ryanair to keep the costs to a minimum, their airline uses small, regional airports only to reduce operational costs and operates as a point-t-point airline carrier, thus when other airlines avoiding the cost associated with a hub-and-spoke service. 1.3 Ryanair advertises it’s self as a â€Å"The low fare airline†and has a price promise under which it will pay double the difference if a customer finds the same flight cheaper elsewhere. 1.4 They pay as little as possible for their aircraft. They get big discounts on aircraft because they buy them when other airlines want them. 1.5 They spend as little as possible on advertising. They do not employ advertising agencies; instead all of their advertising is done in-house. 1.6 They don’t use travel agencies, so they don’t pay commissions. Ryanair uses direct marketing to recruit and retain customers and to extend products and services to them and this reduce cost. You book online or on the internet. This saves 15% on agency fees. Question 2 Kulula and Mango are South Africa’s low cost airlines. These airlines have in some areas imitated the Ryanair business model. 2.1 Kulula uses Lanseria Airport as an alternative to OR Tambo airport which can be attributed to reduction operational costs. Ryanair makes use of smaller airports instead of the large busy airports to reduce costs and reduce the time between flights. 2.2 The low cost airlines in South Africa, such as Kulula and Mango also upsell products such as car hires, travel packs and hotel accommodation. This is similar to the business model of Ryanair. 2.3 The low cost airlines in South Africa also reduce their costs by not including food on the fare; you can buy your food if you want. 2.4 To make bookings simpler the customers of Kulula and Mango can also book and buy flight tickets at Shoprite/Checkers for there’s is no commission paid to travel agencies. The internet online process also exists for self-service of making bookings. Question 3 The marketing environment consists of Micro and Macro environment. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2012;90) Micro environment consists of the actors close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers such as the company its self, its suppliers, its marketing partners, customers and the general public. The macro environment is said to consist of the larger societal forces that affect the macro environment such as political, economic, social, technological, natural environment, and legal framework (Kotler & Armstrong, 2012) 3.1 The Micro environment 3.1.1 Company Ryanair’s mission is to keep their customers happy by offering a simple service and that involves maintaining low-cost fares, such as offering no meal options or extended service elements such as beverage consumption, thus keeping labour-related costs low and inviting the more humble or thrifty consumer to enjoy travel to regional destinations without the worry of excessive airline expense. 3.1.2 Suppliers Suppliers are very important to the company and they are the determining factor for Ryanair to keep customer value. In a running an airline Ryanair require a lot of fuel but they are unable to influence their suppliers since the price of fuel is controlled by external bodies such as OPEC(Ryanair Annual Report, 2004). 3.1.3 Competitors The increasing number of competition with carriers offering lower-cost fares is impacting the consumer mentality regarding which carrier to choose when travelling within European destinations. 3.1.4 Marketing Partners Ryanair does not use advertising agencies instead all their advertising is done in-house by doing so they are cutting cost and making sure that they maintain low cost strategy. They simple use adverts that tell passengers that Ryanair has low fares. 3.2 Macro environment 3.2.1 Political The external political environment is one of significant advantage to Ryanair, as the majority of its operations are contained within Europe. It is relatively common knowledge that this region maintains political stability, thus Ryanair does not experience issues with governmental instability in Europe as a concern regarding passenger volumes or flight destinations. 3.2.2 Technological The technological environment does not appear to significantly impact the firm in a negative capacity as the firm. Additionally, supply chain software programs and other integrated software applications are available to assist Ryanair in streamlining labour functions and improve internal organisational efficiency. 3.2.3 Economical Economical factors in the Euro region such as the Greece debt issues, increased unemployment in Spain and other countries have a negative impact in the number of customers for air travel like Ryanair. Question 4 Low cost airline offer a no-frill service, they sell the cheapest tickets you can buy. Unlike branded airlines that argue that passengers are willing to more for a better level of service. These are the reason I would not use low cost airlines such as Ryanair. 4.1 Customer Service Ryanair offers poor customer service such as when your bag is broken into no compensation is provided. It is also reported that their staff is unfriendly and rude. Ryanair also do not make provisions for fragile items that you wish to carry on the aircraft with you. Musical instruments and sporting equipment can be taken but at a fee. 4.2 Value added services There is no complementary food and what is offered is expensive and unhealthy. 4.3 Misleading pricing The policy of 70% sets sold at lowest fares and 30% at higher fares can be misleading. This means that you may not always be paying the lowest price for the fares. 4.4 Convenience Ryanair does not offer convenience as you cannot chose seat. You also cannot change flights. Their plains are old and offer low comfort. They use secondary airports which tend to be smaller regional airports. Question 5 Ryanair’s objective is to firmly establish itself as Europe’s leading low-fares scheduled passenger airline through continued improvements and expanded offerings of its low-fares service. Ryanair aims to offer low fares that generate increased passenger traffic while maintaining a continuous focus on cost-containment and operating efficiencies 5.2 Understanding customer needs and wants 5.2 Design a customer driven marketing strategy 5.3 Construct an integrated marketing program that delivers superior value 5.4 Build profitable relationships and create customer delight Question 6 6.1 Product or Service Low cost, no frills air travel to Europian destinations. There is no free food or drink on-board. Food and drink are income streams. You buy on-board, or you do take your own food and drink if you like. 6.2 Price Ryanair has low fares. 70% of seats are sold at the lowest two fares. 24% of seats are charged at higher fares. The last 6% are sold at the highest fare. 6.3 Place Ryanair does not use travel agents so it does not pay agency commissions. It uses direct marketing techniques to recruit and retain customers, and to extend products and services to them (i.e. Customer Relationship Management). This reduces costs. You book online over the Internet. This saves them 15% on agency fees. They are based in Stansted in Essex – which is known as a secondary airport. It is new and accessible. It is cheaper to fly from Stansted than either Heathrow or Gatwick, and since it is less busy Ryanair can turn aircraft around more quickly. 6.4 Promotion They spend as little as possible on advertising They do not employ an advertising agency. Instead all of the advertising is done in-house. In fact O’Leary himself oversees much of the promotion of Ryanair. They use simple adverts that tell passengers that Ryanair has low fares. Ryanair employs controversy to promote its business. For example in 2009, the company reasoned that passengers would be charged  £1 to use the toilets on board. O’Leary reasoned that passengers could use the terminals at either the destination or arrival airport. This would speed things up. It was reasoned that this is what passengers wanted – since they did not want other passengers leaving their seats and walking the aisles to go to the toilet. O’Leary also argued that larger passengers should be charged more since they took up more room – again it was reasoned that this is what the majority of passengers wanted. 6.5 People Pilots are recruited when they are young as pilot cadets. They work hard and take early promotions and then move on after 10-years or so to further their careers. Cabin crew pay for their uniforms to be cleaned. They invest in their own training. They are mainly responsible for passenger safety as well as ancillary revenues onboard 6.6 Physical Evidence They pay as little as possible for their aircraft. Planes are the most expensive asset that an airline can make. They get big discounts on aircraft because they buy them when other airlines don’t want them, for example after September 11th, or on the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan. Aircraft manufacturers cannot simply stop a supply chain in minutes. If orders are being cancelled or delayed, this is when to buy. It was rumored within the industry that Ryanair was buying Boeing 737s – list price around  £40,000,000 (forty million pounds) – with up to a 50% discount. 6.7 Process There is no check in. You simply show your passport and supply your reference number. You cannot select a preferred seat. It is first come, first served. This aids speed. There are no air bridges (the tunnel that connects to the side of the aircraft when to board it). You walk or are bused to the aircraft. Baggage is deposited directly onto the terminal – it’s quick. However if your bag is broken don’t expect high levels of customer service. Question 7 7.1 Cultural factors Ryanair has addressed a global cultural need for leisure travel by making their prices extremely low and the easy availability of tickets operating between two points. One of the factors that influence consumer behavior is social class such as people’s income. Ryanair get most of their business from lower income group. 7.2. Social factors One the factors that influence consumer factors is the social factors such as consumers small groups family and social roles. According to the case study Ryanair make use of buzz marketing by their controversial promotions. This influences people opinions about their services as it gets people to discuss the controversial promotions. 7.3 Personal factors Personal factors are influenced by personal characteristics such as customer’s age and life cycle stage, occupation, economic situation, life style and personality and self-concept. The people that would be influenced into buying Ryanair’s would need to have an easy going personality and not be concerned much about the service of the airline since many of the luxuries are removed from the service. 7.4 Psychological factors A person’s buying choices are further influence by four psychological factors motivation, perception, learning and beliefs and attitudes. Customers that would be influences to use Ryanair are customers that believe that are getting value for money through the low cost pricing. Question 8 Consumer market consists of individuals and households that buy goods and services for their personal consumption. These would normally be consumer goods such as soft drinks, cosmetics, travel and household goods. Ryanair’s consumer market is the individuals in the European region that use air travel as a form of transportation. Question 9 Below is an example of Ansoff’s Matrix which shows growth strategies that organisations can use to expand their operation followed by the explanations for each growth strategy (Riley, 2012). Figure 1 Ansoff’s matrix. Sourced from Riley (2012) 9.1 Market penetration Market penetration is when the company expands in the same market using the same products. For Ryanair, market penetration would involve increasing the number of flights in the same routes. This way they are in the same markets and using the same service. 9.2 Market Development Market development requires the companies to enter new markets while using the same products. For Ryanair, this would require the company to go to new markets such as Africa, Asia or America using the same low cost air travel service. 9.3. Product Development Product development means that in order to expand the company must introduce new products or services in the existing market. For company like Ryanair, product development would mean that they introduce new service such as business class or first class into the existing market. 9.4 Diversification Diversification is when the company seeks to enter into new markets with new products. For Ryanair diversification could mean that the company introduces new services such as leisure sea cruising. This would also mean that the company moves into a new market since leisure sea cruising would require different destinations and customer base. References Riley, J. 2012. Ansoff Matrix. [online]. Available at: http://www.tutor2u.net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix.htm [Accessed on 02 September 2013]. Kotler, P. and Armstong, G. 2012. Principles of marketing. 14th edition. Essex: Pearson.
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